Victorian Society And Its Harsh Treatment Of The Upper Class

Through Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens criticises Victorian society and its extremely harsh treatment of the lower class. It went out of its way to create any possible divide between the two social classes, middle and lower classes, to suppress and even eliminate the poor. It was not done in a way that would improve living conditions of the lower class but in the way that would physically and morally destroy the people that belonged to it. This mental divide created two very distinct spaces in London’s society which strived to contain lower class in one controlled space and denounce the ability to improve their lives and possibly move up the social ladder. Whelan Lara Baker, a college professor who specializes in Victorian Era society, writes in her article that rise of Victorian suburb was an important event in middle-class society that was created with two controversial desires: to eliminate any relationship or contact with the urban lower-class and at the same time maintain a compulsory contact with the financial aspect of the urban London.(Baker) Members of the lower class, on the other hand, were contained in the city and started their lives in the workhouses, institutions that the Victorian middle class, with the help of the Parliament, established to raise poor children. According to a historian Dr. Ruth Richardson, in 1834 the Parliament passed The Poor Law Act. 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CharlotteRead MoreThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe 19th century Victorian era contrasted of different social classes; the wealthy, the working and the poor classes, which led to the forms of social order in society. It also encompassed some of the most famous literary works that till today impact the lives of many, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted much of the 19th century working class and illustratedRead MoreInequality And Consumption On Pygmalion And Goblin Market1637 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Literary works, in Victorian England, became a tool in expanding the way people thought and behaved, outside of societal bounds. Authors who wrote about these works had recurring themes focused on the inequality of females in their respective roles. George Shaw and Christina Rossetti are pivotal writers who provide awareness of gender roles and how they function within society. Their stories explore the morality and economic exchange playing different roles in class systems. With this notionRead MoreOpium and the Industrial Revolution Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment for a new social class to emerge from urban squalor. During the Industrial Revolution a group of citizens who breathed polluted air, drank toxic water, worked fourteen-hour days in dimly lit factories and lived in close quarters. This group is known as the working class. In Karl Marx’s Manifesto of the Communist Party he predicted that the development of Modern Industry cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie (the upper class) produces and appropriates productsRead MoreEssay on The Portrayal of the Under Classes in Oliver Twist1171 Words   |  5 Pagesmaster criminal he is not, maybe he is just a poor Jew, dependant on poor children. Although Fagin is not an upper-class citizen, he is neither poor. The success of his business does pay off he sat down; and took from it a magnificent gold watch, sparkling with jewels. As a result Fagin is able to live life pretty much as he wants to. Although Fagin is a higher class than the children, including Oliver, he doesnt abuse his power for the sakes of it. The workhouse masterRead MoreThe Social Hierarchy Of Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthan use the normal class structures, the book suggests that a person of impoverished means can be viewed as socially respectable with the condition that they maintain a sincere desire to better both oneself and their means of living. The novel highlights the significance of class consciousness and how one particular class can become subjective to the hands of the dogmatic elites. The derogative attitudes regarding social class first occurs when Jane suffers horrible treatment from John Reed. HeRead MoreSocial Injustices Portrayed Through Characterization And Imagery2515 Words   |  11 PagesImagery The Industrial Revolution of the Victorian Era was a time of development and underdevelopment. While the technology was improving, the social class structure and treatment of the underprivileged were not improving. 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Chin An Entrepreneur Economy With Tyrant Government

Today China is the most element entrepreneur country. It doesn t have the right to speak freely. Individuals are detained if dissented and who undermine security and there doesn t exist common freedoms, worker s organizations, and focuses of political force outside to comrade party. At the point when comes to financial matters among the world s countries there is no more in the middle of socialism and free enterprise. It s political. China is an entrepreneur economy with tyrant government. For a long time, suspicion made that free enterprise and majority rules system goes as one. The American arrangement towards China had key components to empower unhindered commerce, open markets and direct venture, for China to wind up more fruitful†¦show more content†¦economy. China is the biggest exporter and second biggest shipper crosswise over world. In the year 2012, China s per capita GDP was $9,233 contrasted and $49,965 in the U.S. In future till 2020 China GDP may reach $10,000, one-fifth is anticipated for the U.S. China s populace in 2012 was 1.4 billion, America s 316.5 million. In 2020, China s populace will be quadrupled that of the U.S. China s financial development rate will stay to increment at a higher rate in light of the fact that the base of economy will develop is colossal in examination. These two extraordinary significant forces will coordinate or contend. Americans at times see the Chinese state as equivocal. In any case, given the way that power is partitioned in the U.S. political framework and the incessant force turnovers between the two primary gatherings in the United States, the Chinese likewise experience serious difficulties U.S. goals. All things considered, over late decades, a long haul U.S. methodology appears to have risen out of a progression of American activities toward China. So it is not a sad activity - surely, it is important - for the Chinese to attempt to investigate the United States. Most Americans would be astonished to take in the extent to which the Chinese trust the United States is a political force that tries to shorten China s political impact and damage

Volkswagen’s Diesel Emissions Scandal †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Volkswagens Diesel Emissions Scandal. Answer: Volkswagen Diesel Scandal The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that several Volkswagen Cars had installed software that was designed to cheat emission tests. The software known as defeat device was capable of detecting that a vehicle was being tested and when they were being tested, the software would reduce the amount of nitrogen oxide emission. Such a conduct amounts to an unethical as well as an extraordinarily deceitful conduct (Strittmatter and Lechner 2017). A scandal of this magnitude indicates a systemic disrespect for the conduct at different levels of organization (Jung and Park 2017). The scandal may have resulted from either one or more of the following factors. Firstly, the organization have implemented behavioral norms which would seem to be inappropriate for those outside the organization but the same would appear to be acceptable for those working in the organization. Secondly, the CEO of VW, Martin Winterkorn announced that a small group of software engineers had embedded this device in the care and that he was completely unaware of this conduct as it was not a corporate decision (Hoekman 2016). It is not sufficient for the main actors or the leaders of the company to claim that they were not involved or did not have any knowledge about such conduct, instead they should have questioned themselves that should they have known about this conduct, the answer for which is definitely yes. Thirdly, the centre of focus was on the fulfillment of the goals and targets of the company at the cost of other priorities. Their commitment to attain their goals and meet the company targets created an environment where the ends must justify the means, even if such means involves immoral conduct. Fourthly, the incentives would have acted as an encouragement for the employees to be engaged in such immoral conduct. Those who were directly involved in the case were rewarded significantly (Tse et al. 2017). There is a saying that the main objective of a company is to maximize the value of the shareholder and the investors are only concerned about the stock price. The Board of Directors are required to demonstrate an ethical conduct that establishes that their main obligation are not restricted to themselves and the organization, but to the society and the consumers they serve. It is mandatory for every organization to demonstrate a commitment to ethical practice. The board of an organization is obligated to act in the best interest of the company and ensure that their conduct is not detrimental to the company (Tse et al. 2017). VW had publicly admitted that the approaches and culture of the company is neither appropriate nor ethical, hence it must adapt to some value-based changes that would enable employees to give their dissent opinion with their supervisors. Although the some may argue that, the VW scandal has resulted because of the profit maximization motive of the company but the root cause of this scandal is the unethical culture and approaches of Volkswagen. Hence, the company must establish through its actions, decisions and choices that the values of the organization is committed to ethical practice making the company a socially responsible organization. References Strittmatter, A. and Lechner, M., 2017. Sorting on the Used-Car Market After the Volkswagen Emission Scandal. Tse, Y.K., Zhang, M., Doherty, B., Chappell, P., Moore, S.R. and Keefe, T., 2017. Exploring the hidden pattern from tweets: Investigation into Volkswagen emissions scandal. InSupply Chain Management in the Big Data Era(pp. 172-198). IGI Global. Hoekman, S.K., 2016. Comment on Damages and Expected Deaths Due to Excess NO x Emissions from 2009 to 2015 Volkswagen Diesel Vehicles.Environmental science technology,50(7), pp.4135-4136. Jung, J.C. and Park, S.B., 2017. Volkswagens diesel emissions scandal.Thunderbird International Business Review,59(1).https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772

Neurophysiology and Learning Essay Example

Neurophysiology and Learning Essay Neurophysiology and Learning September , 2010 For the survival and progression of life as we know it, humans and non humans must rely on the fundamental aspects of learning. Learning is all around us, we experience it in our everyday lives, sometimes without even being aware of it. Theories of learning were introduced centuries ago, and being so important and of much significance in Psychology, they are continuously studied, revised and improved. A popular branch of the study of learning, Neurophysiology, encompasses how body and brain activities are synchronized and complement each other in order to bring about learning. In a great attempt to uncover the many dimensions of learning, psychologists studied profusely what the mind might be capable of. Their main desire was to separate mind and body, with the hopes of understanding how these two elements complemented each other (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). Rene Descartes, a theorist, performed a study in the areas of physiology and neuroscience. He wanted to understand why it was that despite having two separate eyes, organisms are only able to see one object in their field of vision. Descartes believed it was the â€Å"physiological unification of the binocular stimulation in the optic chiasma† (Harftfield, 1998, p 389). It was in this study the he concluded that the stimuli found in this optic chiasma yielded to the different sides of the brain. Descartes’ research led to the study of the physiological nature of the mind and body. Focusing all exercises on the body’s nervous system, Sir Charles Sherrington became a great contributor to Neurophysiology in its early stages of study. We will write a custom essay sample on Neurophysiology and Learning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neurophysiology and Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neurophysiology and Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His work on the brain’s neuron processes unveiled how certain areas of the brain relate and work with each other to endorse the process of learning, the unearthing of â€Å"the anatomical concepts of the neuron and synapse† (Eccles, J. , 1957, p 218). Sherrington’s achievements led to new advances in the field of neurophysiology. Without the initial doubt and wonder of how the mind and body work separately and together, theorists, scientists, psychologists, and even philosophers would have not pursued the study of neuroscience and physiology that analyzed earlier beliefs of human behavior, brain function, and the nervous system. Viewed as a new branch of psychology, and perhaps, a new science, Neurophysiology has opened the door to understanding the relationship between mind and body, which brings about the neuroscientific research promoting the progression and survival of the human species (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). The study of neurophysiology is linked to the theories of learning in more ways than one. How organisms relate to their environment and are able to carry out learning processes are basically what neurophysiology attempts to explain. There are internal and external factors, as well as biological and environmental ones that may profoundly affect how organisms learn and apply such knowledge. A famous neuroscientist popularly represented in the study of learning is Donald Olding Hebb. After much observation and study of the human brain, Hebb concluded the following: 1. The brain does not act as a simple switchboard, as the behaviorists and associationists had assumed. If it did, destroying large amounts of brain tissue from the frontal lobes would have been more disruptive. 2. Intelligence comes from experience and, therefore, is not genetically determined. . Childhood experiences are more important in determining intelligence than adult experiences (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005, p 362). Hi first observation was meant to be taken as literally as it sounds. The brain, as he examined, is an extraordinary organ that is able to sustain various atrocities without necessarily losing all functions. Hebb confirmed his belief tha t it was through experience that we gained intelligence, that organisms actually learned. Organisms are not born intelligent, they learn through sensory events, through trial and error, among many other ways. And lastly, Hebb concluded through more experimenting and observation that childhood experiences are more important than adult experiences. Some early childhood learning cannot be undone as an adult. Children placed in enriched environments demonstrate a higher intelligence than those in restricted environments (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). Therefore, it is extremely important to study and debate what are the best policies for the educational environment. Is it best to include every possible child into the learning system? Or will that damage the learning process of those advanced students? These questions have been debated for many years and unfortunately, there is no possibility of including all children into the same learning environment without holding back those at a more advanced level. Hebb’s work in neurophysiology paved the way for more research on the environmental effects of learning theories. Since the study of neurophysiology pairs the brain’s messages transmitted to the body to attain a physical behavior, an acute link is born. An organism’s brain reactions and bodily functions are controlled by the central nervous system, including biological needs, such as having to attend to the washroom. Not all nervous systems are alike, some react to certain stimuli while others remain oblivious to it (McCormick, Connors, Lighthall, Prince, 1985). This may explain why certain students are faster learners than others. It is incorrect to believe that student who does not respond as quickly as his classmate is plain lazy or dumb. Why this occurs is what makes individuals unique to the environment. The a principal focal point in neurophysiology is the central nervous system, arranging the transmission of brain’s messages to all parts of an organism’s body. These neural events, or chemical messages, are called neurotransmitters, and are responsible for all brain function (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). In turn, the nervous system is accountable for all interactions among the brain and the physical body. Without the central nervous system, organisms would lack the capacity to learn and prosper. The brain’s neurotransmitters are vital not only human behavior, but to neurophysiology entirely. This explains why some organisms are quicker to react and understand than other. Their neurotransmitters work at a much faster pace and therefore appear to be smarter and even more enthusiastic. Interestingly enough, the conscious and the body correlate so as it integrate the bodily and cerebral processes to happen (Carlson, 2005). An organism’s reaction to the surrounding environment as well as the adjustment to the continuous changes in such environment relies on various aspects. When neurons excite each other in order to communicate, is quite possibly how scientists discovered the way the nervous system is able to control physical behavior (Carlson, 2005). It is through this important communication process that neurons enable the brain to â€Å"gather sensory information, make plans, and initiate behaviors† (Carlson, 2005, p 48). The communication between the mind (central nervous system) and the body allow for all organisms to absorb information, process it and continuously apply in every day. Hence, neural communication commences the process of learning. The nature of fear has evolved humans to distinguish the stimulating factors that occur in a potentially dangerous place. People (and many animals as well) learn to familiarize these factors and in turn act according to what they know they should do, based on prior experiences (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). Thus, organisms learn through the nature of fear, when and how to avoid similar circumstances. Fear presents itself in all sort of ways and forms. A child or teenager, for example, may associate bad grades with a spanking, a tedious lecture or punishment. They will in turn fear bad grades and study in order to achieve high marks. Sensing fear will most likely send organisms into survival mode and what one knows about the situation one is in will be used to either avoid or deal with the fearful circumstance. Fear and learning are interconnected as part of the survival mode most organisms are born with. As Neil R. Carlson once wrote, â€Å"learning produces changes in the way we perceive, act, think, and feel† (Carlson, 2005, p 361), creating the process of learning an infinite experience. Motor learning, for example, is one of many central learning processes, involving adjustments in the neural circuits that are in charge of the body’s actions. Still, sensory events and stimuli are what conduct motor learning (Carlson, 2005). The most comprehensive form of learning, associated with the nervous system, the neural communication and behavioral reaction to stimuli is perhaps relational learning (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). As a result, the brain and the central nervous system become fundamental approaches of behavior and learning in a person. Any type of obstruction or injury to either of these areas can and most likely will greatly affect motor skills and possibly alter human behavior as well as learning. Just as seen on TV, hideous car accidents may send a person to physical rehabilitation. How much patience, persistence, perseverance and effort the person puts in may act as the overall difference in returning to as much normality as the rehabilitation allows. Therefore, the importance of discovering new ways to potentially correct or undo any damage to the brain or the central nervous system is vital for the survival of a human in critical condition. In order for behavior to occur, neurons need to communicate and convey messages. Nonetheless, objects seen in the environment where an individual is found, has a an arousing affect that leads to the formation of cell assemblies (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005). Hebb explained how such phase sequences are continuously changed by what we observe and identify. So, neurotransmitters fuel different learning and behavioral patterns predisposed by our surroundings, and our surroundings in turn have an effect on neural function. Hebb’s theory culminates the idea that learning is an internal and external process in relation to the environment we are in. Equally, the circumstances humans might find themselves in are ever-changing, and learning becomes an intricate process that should never ceases to exist. What we learn today may be the ticket for a better tomorrow. How we apply what we know, what we have learned, both inside and out of the classroom and work place will be the difference between a mediocre life and great success. Because the environment changes constantly, humans need to change along with it. How we adapt to these changes is part of the learning process. If we know wearing a warm jacket, gloves and a wool hat will keep us from getting cold, but we choose to wear shorts and a t-shirt, the human race would cease to exist due to lack of change. Nowadays, we have all sorts of information that after much research and experimentation, guide us to a brighter future. Nonetheless, the importance of continued study is perhaps the only way we can guarantee survival. A particularly interesting concept brought about decades ago, which has evoked much research and exciting discoveries is that of dichotomania, which is â€Å"the attempt to find [bilaterality]†¦and explain their existence in terms of how the cerebral hemispheres process information† (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005, p 391). The strong belief the each half of the brain functions differently has been a topic of debate and thus of much research as well. If there was even a slight possibility that a certain side of the brain was more important that the other, could a person working that side of brain more than the other be more intelligent than someone working the less important side? How we define important and intelligent makes all the difference here. Some individuals might be born with the tendency to work one side more that the other, true, but what we do with what we know is what makes the difference. After much experimental research on brain function, scientists came to discover the various aspects found in the two halves of the brain. However, despite these findings, it is incorrect to assume that any half of the brain functions as a whole brain in itself. The following table â€Å"reflect[s] the two kinds of hemispheric intelligence† (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005, p 391): Left Hemisphere Intelligent Convergent Realistic Intellectual Discrete Directed Rational Historical Analytical Successive Objective Atomistic Right Hemisphere Intuition Divergent Impulsive Sensuous Continuous Free Intuitive Timeless Holistic Simultaneous Subjective Gross The analytical, left hemisphere dominates the learning of a new language, as well as speech and writing. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, governs the constructing, touching, feeling aspects of the human being. However, both halves â€Å"perceive, learn and process in the same manner† (Hergenhahn, Olson, 2005, p 392). A free spirited bohemian clearly exercises his right hemisphere more than his left. Just like an studious lawyer exercise his left hemisphere over his right. Both individuals are perceived as different in a rational and irrational sense, nevertheless, both have seen, felt, touched, smelled, learned, perceived, experience, using the same halves of he brain. The lawyer needed to achieve high grades in order to get through law school, and continuously study throughout his competitive career. As a free spirited bohemian, all kinds of art (music, photography, painting, etc) may be of interest and his innate talent is what might make him as successful as the lawyer. How they learn may slightly differ, how and what they learn best differs immensely and makes them un ique. The continuous study of neurophysiology has and will lead many more scientists to research and discover new findings in the clinical realm. Such discoveries are fundamental to the progression and survival of the human body. How much do we really know about the human brain and the nervous system? There are millions of questions still unanswered about how the brain works and how we can achieve higher aptitudes, if we only knew more about how it all works inside our heads. Psychologists, scientists, theorists, among many others, have vast resources unknown to man until several decades ago. The internet for example, stores more information than any library in the world, hence being an essential tool to any researcher. Introducing the central nervous system to a clinical setting allows for doctors all over the world to study our bodies under a microscope. Going into a hospital or clinic for an exam and getting your results within a few weeks is the common norm. The clinical settings permits doctors to properly diagnose patients or clients with all kinds of diseases and disorders that would have been rather impossible without neurophysiology. Chemical imbalances are so popular nowadays because of the great amount of research in the area. Thirty years ago, an student having problems concentrating was probably flunked without hesitation. Such an action is no longer necessary, having discovered the amount of disorders that cause the student to lose or lack the ability to focus on a certain subject. The learning process has since thrived and expanded the universal understanding and knowledge of the mind and body. With all past and present discoveries in neurophysiology, humanity has placed in the important role of continuously researching more medical advancements that will aid the survival of our species. As long as neurophysiology is considered and rendered the appropriate focus in psychology and clinical research, these two will continue their everlasting marriage. Irving Zucker expressed how â€Å"the society’s future and indeed the discipline of physiology depend critically on our ability to adapt, change and grow† (Zucker, 2008, p 3). Will we allow ourselves the chance to study new material and perhaps discover new cures? Is giving up or letting go of a theory or ideal that has yet to be confirmed, the right path to take? These questions can only be answered with proper attention and much consideration. But it is our responsibility as the strongest and most destructive species on the planet, to conserve ourselves and our environment. How we adapt to our ever-changing environment will result in the survival or abomination of humanity. Scientists have learned, through experimental procedures many decades ago, that the study and understanding of neural brain function is what thrusts neurophysiology into the future. The goal to be achieved here is the permanent study of abnormal formations in the central nervous system as well as the brain. To continuously study the photos in the mother’s womb to determine if any such abnormalities have formed. Detecting such atrocities in order to treat newborns decrease the amount of infant mortality. Although clinicians are still far away from being able to treat an unborn child’s weak heart, deprived lung, or a weakening nervous system, such miracles will happen someday. The field of technology excels every single day. How someone’s eyesight can be corrected in a couple of hours used to be something one could only wish for many years ago. The intense curiosity of how our brain and central nervous system worked together for the individual to perceive and behave in its environment led the commencement of neurophysiology. After much experimental research and study of physiology en neuroscience, it was discovered that the mind and body coexist and influence learning as a ever-lasting process. Neurophysiology has become an important and influential part of the study of psychology and past as well as present learning theories and continuous to do so because of it encompasses

Collaborative Drug Therapy Management essays

Collaborative Drug Therapy Management essays It involves the relationship shared between Pharmacist and Physician towards managing the drug therapy. Collaborative drug therapy management is practiced whenever pharmacists work with physicians and other health professionals to solve patient and medication-related problems or make decisions regarding drug prescribing, monitoring and drug regimen adjustments. (Fuller, 1995; 15:15-47) Under the course of CDTM, pharmacists along with physician share mutual responsibility for the treatment and recovery of the patient. CDTM can be categorized into following activities i.e. commencing, modification, observing drug therapy, ordering and conducting lab test, assessment of response to therapy, awareness and counseling of patients, and administering medication. CDTM encourages the participation and contribution of the pharmacists towards patient welfare. It is a measure that guarantees checks on the credibility of the physician and pharmacist. The role of the general pharmacist has further refined, pharmacist no longer share the sole responsibility of drug distributor, rather now the present pharmacist is capable of offering services to the patient for deciding their dosage, remedial action on basis of test reports. However it has to be ascertained that physician and pharmacist share a perfect understanding regarding their roles and limitations, both at parallel should be respectful towards the responsibilities of either sides. Physicians task of diagnosis should be separated from the Pharmacists task of monitoring the treatment and modify it accordingly. A formally written agreement between physician and pharmacist is requisite. Such an agreement should well define the role and responsibilities to be handled by the individual profession. Such an agreement should absolutely restrict the role of physicians for supervising and diagnosis, and should make pharmacist responsible fo ...

History and Inventors of Beds and Mattresses

History and Inventors of Beds and Mattresses A bed is a piece of furniture upon which a person may recline or sleep, in many cultures and for for many centuries the bed was considered the most important piece of furniture in the house and a type of status symbol. Beds were used in ancient Egypt as more than a place for sleeping, beds were used as a place to eat meals and entertain socially. The Mattress Among the earliest beds were simple, shallow boxes or chests in stuffed or layered with soft bedding. Later, ropes or strips of leather were suspended across a wooden framework to create a soft basis to sleep on. By the 15th century, most beds were built upon these straps of support over timber. The mattress itself evolved to be a sort of bag filled fiber like straw or wool, and then covered in common, inexpensive cloth. In the mid 18th century, the cover became made of quality linen or cotton, the mattress cane box was shaped or bordered and the fillings available were natural and plenty, including coconut fibre, cotton, wool, and horsehair. The mattresses also became tufted or buttoned to hold the fillings and cover together and the edges were stitched. Iron and steel replaced the past timber frames in the late 19th century. The most expensive beds of 1929 were latex rubber mattresses produced by the very successful Dunlopillo. Pocket spring mattresses were also introduced. These were individual springs sewn into linked fabric bags. Waterbeds The first water-filled beds were goatskins filled with water, used in Persia more than 3,600 years ago. In 1873, Sir James Paget at St. Bartholomews Hospital presented a modern waterbed designed by Neil Arnott as a treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers (bed sores). Waterbeds allowed mattress pressure to be evenly distributed over the body. By 1895, a few waterbeds were sold via mail order by the British store, Harrods. They looked like, and probably were, very large hot water bottles. Due to lack of suitable materials, the waterbed did not gain widespread use until the 1960s, after the invention of vinyl. Murphy Bed Murphy Bed, the bedding idea of 1900 was invented by American William Lawrence Murphy (1876 to 1959) from San Francisco. The space-saving Murphy Bed folds into a wall closet. William Lawrence Murphy formed the Murphy Bed Company of New York, the second oldest oldest furniture manufacturer in the United States. Murphy patented his In-A-Dor bed in 1908, however, he did not trademark the name Murphy Bed.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 40

History - Essay Example pite the English colonies not having representatives in parliament in England, by the end of seventeenth century all English colonies had some form of representative assembly which more or less resembled the House of Commons in structure and functions. McGeehan and Gall assert that there were four major landmarks that shaped American constitutional government: Magna carter (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), Common law and Bicameral legislature (3). The kings in England used to have absolute authority over subjects but the Magna carter made them subject to law giving parliament power over tax levies. To tame the powers of the King, it was necessary to establish Representative governments whereby the people had a say in governance. Such governments were thus vital to colonies in attracting investors. The Bill of Rights in 1689 limited the power of kings and queens further as it disallowed interference with parliamentary elections and debates and kings could not suspend laws or levy taxes without parliament consent. On the other hand, rights developed from common law protected citizens from tyrannical governments. England had a bicameral legislature comprising House of Lords comprising clergy and nobility and House of Commons for wealthy middle class. This was the method adopted by English colonists. Before settlement therefore, the colonists had the idea of a limited government (McGeehan & Gall 3-5). The colonists in New World wanted a government where people were first thus the establishment of representative governments with Virginia being the first to establish the House of Burgesses in 1619 (Ushistory.org). Other colonists followed by establishing assemblies. For example, Plymouth had the Mayflower Compact, Massachusetts had the General Court, Connecticut had Fundamental Orders of Government while Rhode Island operated on principle of separation of church and state (McGeehan & Gall 3-5). Colonies were headed by governor and council who had executive powers of

Television and family circle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Television and family circle - Essay Example This essay seeks to examine family circles in relation to humanity’s appreciation of use of the television. As a point of departure, the media, television included characterizes the modern world in every aspect. It is from this point of view, an argument on the impacts of media of the family circles is founded (Sari and Shay, 11). At the first installation of the TV waves, back in 1950s. Most families thronged at the supplier’s centers provided the services. Almost seven decades down the line, the TV plays a critical role in humanity’s life (Annie, 7). The aspect of family circles will be undertaken from two perspectives, which include relationship between parents and relationship between parents (husband and wife), and their children. This consideration is critical for this study because the family circle is based on the members of the family who include the parents and children. The aspect of unity and division along the family circles is a primary consideratio n. Family circle based on the relationship between parents Parents form the stem of the family from which otter members sprout. The family is the foundation of a society. All the societal virtual and vices are closely correlated to the virtues and vices of family members because the very members form the society. Initially, the TV was an instrument that united a family brought understanding and consequent societal harmony (Annie, 7). Over time now, that the social media instruments is playing roles as directed by those in the pedal. Programs that promoted morality, unity, dignity and other virtues have slowly declined and replaced by violent and crime oriented movies. In essence, every form of immorality is increasing each day with predetermined movies aired in our TVs. This implies that, there is a need for regulation or selection of programs to watch. As the televisions have come to absorb numerous socializing purposes of the family, they have provided us images of the family, whi ch may act as benchmarks by which we measure our own experiences. The seductively pragmatic portrayals of a family life in the wake of Television era may be the basis for our most popular and pervasive (Spigel, 75). The images such as violence, divorce, alcoholism and abuse seen in most families is a clear reflection of the mass media produced and distributed images shaped in a manner constrained by other features of the media world. They stems from the institutional needs, policies and interests of major needs. This implies that the primary media centers in a country can air what they deem moral right in their own facet, but in the real sense, they are immoral and preach division amongst the families who watch such programs (Spigel, 76). Gender based violence against women is a product of the media and the TV in particular. In the world of mass media, men exceed women by a ratio of seventy-five percentage to twenty-five percentage. This fact alone makes the world of primary media a s â€Å"man’s world† in which much action rotates around matters of power. This world is mostly governed by violent demonstrations of power characterized by the traditional emblematic platforms of authority and control, which naturally outside of home and family. Although, most of the violence occurs at homes, the familial setting does not lend itself to the societal communication of violence. Home and family

Eriksons Stages Essay Example for Free

Eriksons Stages Essay This experiential learning activity will give you an opportunity to apply basic psychological principles to learn more about your own behavior. The project will be conducted over a 9 week period. By week 3, you will choose a behavior that you would like to change and come up with a behavior change plan. In weeks 4-10, you will work on changing that behavior and record your progress. In weeks 11-13, you will reflect, analyze, and interpret your behavior change and outcomes. A 5 page write-up (double spaced) of this behavior change activity covering the points described below is due the week of presentations at the beginning of the class period. Here are the steps: 1. Select a behavior that you would like to change, one that you’d like to increase or decrease or modify in some way (Examples: eating junk or high-fat foods, chewing gum, smoking, getting angry, studying, exercising, spending money, worrying, etc). 2. Define your specific goal, consider the benefits and barriers, and choose a behavior modification plan. 3. Design a method of tracking your daily progress. This could be a tallying form, a data table, etc. This device should allow you to record the frequency and/or duration of your behavior on a daily basis. (if your behavior is something that is done several times a day, you might want to create a data tracking device that you can carry along with you). 4. Record your behavior, following the procedures you have developed, throughout the semester. Write a 5 page report that includes the following points and be sure to include theories and concepts we covered during class in addition to these sections. **Use at least 2 journal articles related to your topic and give a brief description of the articles in the introduction** Goal-Setting and Monitoring †¢ What behavior did you try to change? What was your precise goal? (for example, to increase/decrease the frequency and or duration) †¢ What were the benefits that you perceived to changing your behavior? In other words, why did you want to change your behavior? †¢ How did you keep track of (record) your daily progress? Very briefly describe the type of tallying sheet (or recording device) that you used. Motivation †¢ Where do you think your goal would fall on Maslow’s hierarchy of motives and why? What types of counter-motives made it difficult for you to accomplish your goal (example; hunger, pleasure, etc.) Where would these counter-motives fall on Maslow’s hierarchy? †¢ Did you feel more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to change this behavior and why? †¢ Did your goal involve the behavioral activation system (BAS) or the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and why? Was your goal more approach- or avoidance-oriented and why? †¢ Do you think that your motives contributed to your outcome? How and why? Learning †¢ How did you go about trying to change your behavior? Did you use any of the behavior learning strategies that we discussed in class such as classical or operant conditioning? †¢ How did you use these strategies? Did they work or not? Emotions, Barriers, and Social Support †¢ What types of emotions did you feel when trying to change your behavior? How did you feel along the way and how were these emotions related to the amount of effort you invested in trying to change your behavior? †¢ What were some of the barriers that you encountered while trying the change the behavior? Did you expect these barriers when you started or did they surprise you along the way? What did you do to overcome these barriers? †¢ Did you enlist the help of family and friends in trying to change your behavior? Was this helpful or harmful? Conclusion †¢ Did you reach your goal or not? How do you feel about the outcome? What could you do differently in the future to be even more successful at changing your behavior? Outline of written report †¢Introduction †¢Description of topic †¢Explanation of why this is an important area of study †¢Reason for picking this area to write about †¢Literature review †¢Description of theory †¢Previous research on topic (Use at least 2 journal articles related to your topic and give a brief description of the articles) †¢Citations of all work mentioned in the paper †¢Statement of hypothesis †¢Methods section †¢Description of process in reaching your goal (recording behavior, keeping track, etc) †¢Description of materials used (tally sheet? recording device?) †¢Results †¢Conclusions †¢Goal-setting Monitoring †¢Motivation †¢Learning †¢Emotions, barriers, and social support †¢Conclusion paragraph (see assignment sheet) †¢Applications (how will these results be useful to individuals and society as a whole?) †¢References †¢APA style †¢Citations in the body of paper should appear in the reference section

Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers

Upton Sinclair was an American writer whose works reflects not only the inside but also the socialists view on things. Upton sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was born into a family which held to it’s Southern aristocracy in every thing that was done. When Sinclair was ten years old, the family packed up and moved to New York City ( Where there were more opportunities to succeed ). Upton Beall Sinclair began writing when he was 15 years old. He mostly wrote ethnic jokes and fiction for a fun magazine. He wrote these silly stories and jokes in order for the magazine to pay for his studies at New York City College. After he was done at New York City College, in 1897, he enrolled at Columbia University. By this time, Upton was putting out many novels and respected works. He was already being realized as one of the greatest writers of his time. Upton was putting out up to two novels per week. This was unheard of at this point in time. During these years he wrote Clif Faraday stories such as "Ensign Clarke Fitch." He was also writing Mark Mallory Stories like "Lieutenant Frederick Garrison" for boys’ weekly magazine. His writing was on the right track, but he still didn’t have that one book to put him over the top. In 1900 Sinclair married his first wife. This was a start of a whole new era of writing for him. By 1904 Sinclair was moving toward a realistic fiction type of writing. He had become a regular reader of the "Appeal to Reason", which was a popular socialist-populist weekly magazine at that time. Upton’s big break came in 1906 when he published a book called, " The Jungle." As a writer this is where Sinclair gained most of his fame. This book gave him not only fame, but it also led to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. This book had the deepest impact since Harriet Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The books popularity enabled Sinclair to establish and support the socialistic Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, N.J. However the popularity of his type of writing fell away after that year. After " The Jungle" was written it set off many sim ilar studies of a group, and industry. or a region. Among some of them were: "The Metropolis" (1908) which was a exploration of New York people, "King Coal" (1917) which was a story about the Colorado Mining strike of 1914, and "Oil!" which was considered one of Sinclair’s most influential writings. Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers Upton Sinclair was an American writer whose works reflects not only the inside but also the socialists view on things. Upton sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was born into a family which held to it’s Southern aristocracy in every thing that was done. When Sinclair was ten years old, the family packed up and moved to New York City ( Where there were more opportunities to succeed ). Upton Beall Sinclair began writing when he was 15 years old. He mostly wrote ethnic jokes and fiction for a fun magazine. He wrote these silly stories and jokes in order for the magazine to pay for his studies at New York City College. After he was done at New York City College, in 1897, he enrolled at Columbia University. By this time, Upton was putting out many novels and respected works. He was already being realized as one of the greatest writers of his time. Upton was putting out up to two novels per week. This was unheard of at this point in time. During these years he wrote Clif Faraday stories such as "Ensign Clarke Fitch." He was also writing Mark Mallory Stories like "Lieutenant Frederick Garrison" for boys’ weekly magazine. His writing was on the right track, but he still didn’t have that one book to put him over the top. In 1900 Sinclair married his first wife. This was a start of a whole new era of writing for him. By 1904 Sinclair was moving toward a realistic fiction type of writing. He had become a regular reader of the "Appeal to Reason", which was a popular socialist-populist weekly magazine at that time. Upton’s big break came in 1906 when he published a book called, " The Jungle." As a writer this is where Sinclair gained most of his fame. This book gave him not only fame, but it also led to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. This book had the deepest impact since Harriet Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The books popularity enabled Sinclair to establish and support the socialistic Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, N.J. However the popularity of his type of writing fell away after that year. After " The Jungle" was written it set off many sim ilar studies of a group, and industry. or a region. Among some of them were: "The Metropolis" (1908) which was a exploration of New York people, "King Coal" (1917) which was a story about the Colorado Mining strike of 1914, and "Oil!" which was considered one of Sinclair’s most influential writings.

Bioremediation

BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is such type of technology in which microorganism, fungi, bacteria, plant and there is use to convert polluted condition in to original condition. Through bioremediation process microorganism act on pollutant or on chemicals due to which pollution occur and help that thing to come back in its original condition. Bioremediation is an option to offers the possibility to destroy or renders various harmful thing through natural biological activity. PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is the field of environmental biotechnology . y definition bioremediation is the use of microorganism, to degrade environment pollutant in to less toxic form. in this microorganism may be indigenous to a contaminant area or may be isolated from different area and brought to that area. Microorganisms start utilizing toxic substance and convert in to non toxic form from toxic form. In bioremediation metabolic process is also involved through which different enzyme release and act on toxic substances or on contaminants due to this biodegradation occur. When microorganism bought to contaminated or polluted site to enhance degradation that process is called bioaugmentation. For bioremediation to be effective, microorganism must enzymatically attack the pollutants and converts them in to non toxic form. n Bioremediation has its limitation, some contaminants such as chlorinated organic compound and aromatic hydrocarbon are resistant to microbial attack . bioremediation techniques are typically more economical than traditional method. FACTORS OF BIOREMEDIATION These factors include the existence of a microbial population capable of degrading the pollutants, the availability of contaminants to the microbial population, the environment factor (soil,temperature,pH,the presence of oxygen or other electron acceptor, and nutrients. ) MICROBIAL POPULATION FOR BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS Microorganism isolated from from any environment condition. microbes adapt nd grow at subzero temperatures ,as well as extreme heat, in water with excess of oxygen and in anaerobic condition,with the presence of hazardous condition or hazardous compound or any waste stream. the main requirements are an energy source and a carbon source. because of microbes and other biological system ,these can be used to degrade or remediate environmental hazards. Microbes can be divide in to groups according to their activity and condition. Anaerobic- in the absence of oxygen. naerobic bacteria cannot used frequently as a aerobic bacteria. There is an increa sing interest in anaerobic bacteria use for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)in river sediment,ination of dechlorination of solvent trichloroethylene(TCE),and chloroform Lingninolytic fungi-fungi such as the white rot fungus phanaerochaete chrysosporium have the ablity to degrade an extremely diverse range of persistent or toxic environmental pollutants. Common substrate used include starw,sawdust,or corn cobs. Methylotrophs-aerobic bacteria that grow utilizing methane for carbon and energy. the initialenzyme in the pathway for aerobic degradation,methane monooxygenase,has a broad substrate range and active against a wide range of compounds ,including the chlorinated aliphatics trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethane For degradationnit is necessary that bacteria and contaminant in proper contact and in proper amount. Class of contaminants |Specific examples |Aerobic |Anaerobic |More potential sources | |Chlorinated solvents |Trichloroethylene | |+ |Drycleaners | | |Perchloroethylene | | |Chemical manufacture Electrical | |Polychlorinated biphenyls |4-Chlorobiphenyl | |+ |manufacturing Power station | | |4,4-Dichlorobiphenyl | | |Railway yards Timber treatment | | | | | |Landfills | |Chlorinated phenol |Pentachlorophenol | |+ | | |â€Å"BTEX† Benzene Toluene |+ |+ |Oil production and storage | | |Ethylbenzene Xylene | | |Gas w ork sites | | | | | |Airports | | | | | |Paint manufacture Port | | | | | |facilities Railway yards | | | | | |Chemical manufacture | |Polyaromatic hydrocarbons |Naphthalene Antracene |+ | |Oil production and storage | |(PAHs) |Fluorene Pyrene | | |Gas work sites Coke plants | | |Benzo(a)pyrene | | |Engine works Landfills | | | | | |Tar production and storage | | | | | |Boiler ash dump sites Power | | | | | |stations | | |Atrazine Carbaryl | | |Agriculture | | |Carbofuran Coumphos | | |Timber treatment plants | | |Diazinon Glycophosphate | | |Pesticide manufacture | |Pesticides |Parathion Propham |+ |+ |Recreational areas Landfills | | |2,4-D | | | | ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Nutrients Although the microorganisms are present in contaminated soil, they cannot necessarily be there in the numbers required for bioremediation of the site. Their growth and activity must be stimulated. Biostimulation usually involves the addition of nutrients and oxygen to help indigenous microorgan- isms. These nutrients are the basic building blocks of life and allow microbes to create the necessary enzymes to break down the contaminants. All of them will need nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon (e. g. , see Table 2). Carbon is the most basic element of living forms and is needed in greater quantities than other elements. In addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen it constitutes about 95% of the weight of cells. Table 2 Composition of a microbial cell. ElementPercentageElementPercentage |Carbon |50 |Sodium |1 | |Nitrogen |14 |Calcium |0,5 | |Oxygen |20 |Magnesium |0,5 | |Hydrogen |8 |Chloride |0,5 | |Phosphorous |3 |Iron |0,2 | |Sulfur |1 |All others |0,3 | |Potassium |1 | | | ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Nutrients Although the microorganisms are present in contaminated soil, they cannot necessarily be there in the numbers required for bioremediation of the site. Their growth and activity must be stimulated. Biostimulation usually involves the addition of nutrients and oxygen to help indigenous microorgan- isms. These nutrients are the basic building blocks of life and allow microbes to create the necessary enzymes to break down the contaminants. All of them will need nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon (e. g. , see Table 2). Carbon is the most basic element of living forms and is needed in greater quantities than other elements. In addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen it constitutes about 95% of the weight of cells. Table 2 Composition of a microbial cell. ElementPercentageElementPercentage Carbon |50 |Sodium |1 | |Nitrogen |14 |Calcium |0,5 | |Oxygen |20 |Magnesium |0,5 | |Hydrogen |8 |Chloride |0,5 | |Phosphorous |3 |Iron |0,2 | |Sulfur |1 |All others |0,3 | |Potassium |1 | | | Microbial growth and activity are readily affected by pH, temperature, and moisture. Although microorganisms have been also isolated in extreme conditions, most of them grow optimally over a nar- row range, so that it is important to achieve optimal conditions. If the soil has too much acid it is possible to rinse the pH by adding lime. Temperature affects bio- chemical reactions rates, and the rates of many of them double for each 10  °C rise in temperature. Above a certain temperature, however, the cells die. Plastic covering can be used to enhance solar warming in late spring, summer, and autumn. Available water is essential for all the living organisms, and irrigation is needed to achieve the optimal moisture level. The amount of available oxygen will determine whether the system is aerobic or anaerobic. Hydrocarbons are readily degraded under aerobic conditions, whereas chlorurate compounds are degraded only in anaerobic ones. To increase the oxygen amount in the soil it is possible to till or sparge air. In some cases, hydrogen peroxide or magnesium peroxide can be introduced in the environment. Soil structure controls the effective delivery of air, water, and nutrients. To improve soil structure, materials such as gypsum or organic matter can be applied. Low soil permeability can impede move- ment of water, nutrients, and oxygen; hence, soils with low permeability may not be appropriate for in situ clean-up techniques. BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES Different techniques are employed depending on the degree of saturation and aeration of an area. In situ techniques are defined as those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site with minimal distur- bance. Ex situ techniques are those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Bioaugmentation techniques involve the addition of microorganisms with the ability to degrade pollutants. In situ bioremediation These techniques [11,12] are generally the most desirable options due to lower cost and less disturbance since they provide the treatment in place avoiding excavation and transport of contaminants. In situ treatment is limited by the depth of the soil that can be effectively treated. In many soils effective oxy- gen diffusion for desirable rates of bioremediation extend to a range of only a few centimeters to about 30 cm into the soil, although depths of 60 cm and greater have been effectively treated in some cases. The most important land treatments are: Bioventing is the most common in situ treatment and involves supplying air and nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria. Bioventing employs low air flow rates and provides only the amount of oxygen necessary for the biodegradation while minimizing volatiliza- tion and release of contaminants to the atmosphere. It works for simple hydrocarbons and can be used where the contamination is deep under the surface. In situ biodegradation involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to degrade organic contaminants. It can be used for soil and groundwater. Generally, this technique includes conditions such as the infil- tration of water-containing nutrients and oxygen or other electron acceptors for groundwater treatment. Biosparging. Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contam- inants by naturally occurring bacteria. Biosparging increases the mixing in the saturated zone and there- by increases the contact between soil and groundwater. The ease and low cost of installing small-diam- eter air injection points allows considerable flexibility in the design and construction of the system. Bioaugmentation. Bioremediation frequently involves the addition of microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the contaminated sites. Two factors limit the use of added microbial cultures in a land treatment unit: 1) nonindigenous cultures rarely compete well enough with an indigenous population to develop and sustain useful population levels and 2) most soils with long-term exposure to biodegrad- able waste have indigenous microorganisms that are effective degrades if the land treatment unit is well managed. Ex situ bioremediation Ex situ bioremediation These techniques involve the excavation or removal of contaminated soil from ground. Landfarming is a simple technique in which contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a pre- pared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded. The goal is to stimulate indigenous biodegradative microorganisms and facilitate their aerobic degradation of contaminants. In general, the practice is limited to the treatment of superficial 10–35 cm of soil. Since landfarming has the potential to reduce monitoring and maintenance costs, as well as clean-up liabilities, it has received much atten – leum hydrocarbons they are a refined version of landfarming that tend to control physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and volatilization. Biopiles provide a favorable environment for indigenous aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bioreactors. Slurry reactors or aqueous reactors are used for ex situ treatment of contaminated soil and water pumped up from a contaminated plume. Bioremediation in reactors involves the pro- cessing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered con- tainment system. A slurry bioreactor may be defined as a containment vessel and apparatus used to cre- ate a three-phase (solid, liquid, and gas) mixing condition to increase the bioremediation rate of soil- bound and water-soluble pollutants as a water slurry of the contaminated soil and biomass (usually indigenous microorganisms) capable of degrading target contaminants. In general, the rate and extent of biodegradation are greater in a bioreactor system than in situ or in solid-phase systems because the contained environment is more manageable and hence more controllable and predictable. Despite the advantages of reactor systems, there are some disadvantages. The contaminated soil requires pre treat- ment (e. g. , excavation) or alternatively the contaminant can be stripped from the soil via soil washing or physical extraction (e. g. , vacuum extraction) before being placed in a bioreactor. Table 4 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation. Table 4 Summary of bioremediation str ategies. Technology |Examples |Benefits |Limitations |Factors to consider | |In situ |In situ bioremediation |Most cost efficient |Environmental constraints |Biodegradative abilities of | | |Biosparging Bioventing |Noninvasive Relatively |Extended treatment time |indigenous microorganisms | | |Bioaugmentation |passive Natural attenuation |Monitoring difficulties |Presence of metals and | | | |processes | |other inorganics Environmental| | | |Treats soil and water | |parameters Biodegradability of| | | | | |pollutants Chemical solubility| | | | | |Geological factors | | | | | |Distribution of pollutants | |Ex situ |Landfarming Composting |Cost efficient |Space requirements |See above | | |Biopiles |Low cost |Extended treatment time | | | | |Can be done on site |Need to control abiotic | | | | | |loss | | | | |Mass transfer problem | | | | | |Bioavailability limitation| | |Bioreactors |Slurry reactors |Rapid degradation kinetic |Soil requires excavation |See above Bioaugmentation | | |Aqueous reactors |Optimized environmental |Relatively high cost |Toxicity of amendments Toxic | | | |parameters |capital |concentrations of contaminants| | | |Enhances mass transfer |Relatively high operating | | | | |Effective use of inoculants |cost | | | | |and surfactants | | | Advantages of bioremediation †¢Bioremediation is a natural process and is therefore perceived by the public as an acceptable waste treatment process for contaminated material such as soil. Microbes able to degrade the con- taminant increase in numbers when the contaminant is present; when the contaminant is degrad- ed, the biodegradative population declines. The residues for the treatment are usually harmless products and include carbon dioxide, water, and cell biomass. †¢Theoretically, bioremediation is useful for the complete destruction of a wide variety of contam- inants. Many compounds that are legally considered to be hazardous can be transformed to harm- less products. This eliminates the chance of future liability associated with treatment and dispos- al of contaminated material. †¢Instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another, for example, from land to water or air, the complete destruction of target pollutants is possible. †¢Bioremediation can often be carried out on site, often without causing a major disruption of nor- mal activities. This also eliminates the need to transport quantities of waste off site and the poten- tial threats to human health and the environment that can arise during transportation. Bioremediation can prove less expensive than other technologies that are used for clean-up of hazardous waste. Disadvantages of bioremediation †¢Bioremediation is limited to those compounds that are biodegradable. Not all compounds are sus- ceptible to rapid and complete degradation. †¢There are some concerns that the products of biodegradation may be more persistent or toxic than the parent compound. †¢Biological processes are often highly specific. Important site factors required for success include the presence of metabolically capable microbial populations, suitable environmental growth con- ditions, and appropriate levels of nutrients and contaminants. It is difficult to extrapolate from bench and pilot-scale studies to full-scale field operations. †¢Research is needed to develop and engineer bioremediation technologies that are appropriate for sites with complex mixtures of contaminants that are not evenly dispersed in the environment. Contaminants may be present as solids, liquids, and gases. †¢Bioremediation often takes longer than other treatment options, such as excavation and removal of soil or incineration. †¢Regulatory uncertainty remains regarding acceptable performance criteria for bioremediation. There is no accepted definition of â €Å"clean†, evaluating performance of bioremediation is difficult, and there are no acceptable endpoints for bioremediation treatments. PHYTOREMEDIATION Although the application of microbe biotechnology has been successful with petroleum-based con- stituents, microbial digestion has met limited success for widespread residual organic and metals pol- lutants. Vegetation- based remediation shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transform- ing a low level of persistent contaminants. In natural ecosystems, plants act as filters and metabolize substances generated by nature. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water [14–16]. The term â€Å"phytoremediation† is relatively new, coined in 1991. Its potential for encouraging the biodegradation of organic contaminants requires further research, although it may be a promising area for the future. We can find five types of phytoremediation techniques, classified based on the contaminant fate: phytoextraction, phytotransformation, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, even if a combination of these can be found in nature. Phytoextraction or phytoaccumulation is the process used by the plants to accumulate contami- nants into the roots and aboveground shoots or leaves. This technique saves tremendous remediation cost by accumulating low levels of contaminants from a widespread area. Unlike the degradation mech- anisms, this process produces a mass of plants and contaminants (usually metals) that can be transport- ed for disposal or recycling. Phytotransformation or phytodegradation refers to the uptake of organic contaminants from soil, sediments, or water and, subsequently, their transformation to more stable, less toxic, or less mobile form. Metal chromium can be reduced from hexavalent to trivalent chromium, which is a less mobile and noncarcinogenic form. Phytostabilization is a technique in which plants reduce the mobility and migration of contami- nated soil. Leachable constituents are adsorbed and bound into the plant structure so that they form a stable mass of plant from which the contaminants will not reenter the environment. Phytodegradation or rhizodegradation is the breakdown of contaminants through the activity existing in the rhizosphere. This activity is due to the presence of proteins and enzymes produced by the plants or by soil organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Rhizodegradation is a symbiotic rela- tionship that has evolved between plants and microbes. Plants provide nutrients necessary for the microbes to thrive, while microbes provide a healthier soil environment. Rhizofiltration is a water remediation technique that involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots. Rhizofiltration is used to reduce contamination in natural wetlands and estuary areas. In Table 5, we can see an overview of phytoremediation applications. Table 5 Overview of phytoremediation applications. TechniquePlant mechanismSurface medium PhytoextractionUptake and concentration of metal viaSoils direct uptake into the plant tissue with subsequent removal of the plants PhytotransformationPlant uptake and degradation of organicSurface water, groundwater compounds PhytostabilizationRoot exudates cause metal to precipitateSoils, groundwater, mine tailing and become less available PhytodegradationEnhances microbial degradation inSoils, groundwater within rhizosphere rhizosphere RhizofiltrationUptake of metals into plant rootsSurface water and water pumped PhytovolatilizationPlants evaportranspirate selenium, mercury,Soils and groundwater and volatile hydrocarbons Vegetative capRainwater is evaportranspirated by plantsSoils to prevent leaching contaminants from disposal sites Phytoremediation is well suited for use at very large field sites where other methods of remedia- tion are not cost effective or practicable; at sites with a low concentration of contaminants where only polish treatment is required over long periods of time; and in conjunction with other technologies where vegetation is used as a final cap and closure of the site. There are some limitations to the technology that it is necessary to consider carefully before it is selected for site remediation: long duration of time for remediation, potential contamination of the vegetation and food chain, and difficulty establishing and maintaining vegetation at some sites with high toxic levels. .

Dirty Pictures (Film Analysis)

The film Dirty Pictures released on year 2000 is loosely based on the story of Robert Mapplethorpe and his photography in late 1980's. Most photos of the late photographer Robert Mapplethorpe is actually uncontroversial however few of them– some sadomasochistic in nature– seem to offend. The inclusion of these provocative and seemingly offensive pictures in art exhibit has been highly criticized by the authority and feasted by the local media.Bennis Barrie, the curator of the Cincinnati Arts Center is inevitably accused of promoting pornography as he displays Mapplethorpe's naked images and graphic displays of homosexual offensive activities in Cincinatti art museum. Barrie initially knows that some of Mapplethorpe's photography may receive negative criticisms because of its provocative depictions of humans' mutual sensuality however as a curator he recognized that art encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations and emotions. He believes that an artist de serves a freedom of expression.However Mapplethorpe photographs became the center of controversy when these were exhibited at the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts. Dennis Barrie who is the Museum director was being accused and condemned by the right wing conservatives. The rest of the film revolves in public debate towards how freedom of expression should be applied. The character of Barrie in the initial part of the movie is being portrayed as a modest and ordinary man who have a simple lifestyle. However after the exhibit, he was suddenly thrown into extraordinary circumstances as he deals with the enormous pressures of ugly public debate.He faced personal intimidation since his reputation and career were at stake. Furthermore, the issue pressed against him affected the emotional aspects of his family. The film effectively illustrates the emotions of a couple struggling to decide and do the right thing while dealing with the political pressures brought by the issue of displayed sensua l photographs. Though Barrie comes off as a man sophisticated and knowledgeable about contemporary arts but he is a little bit innocent about his stand since he was faced with unreasonable political pressures.The involvement of big conservative figures made this issue highly politicized. As a result, the jury who are also heroes of this story, experienced personal pressures of their own. At the end however they manage to navigate their way to the right decision after Barrie made a profound kind of speech about freedom of expression. Even if Barrie was being acquitted in the film, the local conservative group believes that this trial would have a chilling effect on future art exhibitions.Since freedom of expression has been positively justified in the film, there is a great possibility that curators and artists will always make an excuse to not restrict them in any kinds of mode of expression since this is after all their right. However, the conservatives subtly stand that the author ity should give restrictions especially in displaying sexually explicit photos to avoid public intimidation. The film inevitably shows Mapplethorpe controversial photos. A number of the actual Mapplethorpe's photos that were the heart and reason of the controversy were used in production.Though the photos are shown in shortcuts but the film allows the viewers to have a glimpse to both the controversial photos and the extraordinary beauty and story of all the photos in general. Apparently, he is not only interested to capture humans sexuality but his portraits, photos of flowers and landscapes illustrate his love in beauty. Mapplethorpe's â€Å"The Perfect Moment† collections air different angles of expression. His photographs were not confined in nudity however the authorities only favored and noticed one side by giving obscenity charges against the curator.Since big people also offered their own perspective towards the provocative photographs, it seems that the issue became politically motivated. Meanwhile, the film also looks like a documentary one since the filmmakers highlights new interviews from cultural and conservative figures about their personal perceptions in the issue. Meanwhile the filmmakers in the movie also incorporated many inter cut scenes from the original events collected from the archives of the local media (e. g. the trial and that attempted closing down of the art museum).The movie demonstrates that the beauty of art depends on how people perceive it. Their level of appreciation depends on their personal tastes, values, cultural and social orientation. In the movie, the characters were obviously divided by two– those who are open minded who believe that any kind of art depiction even in a sensational manner is just but a manner of expression that is natural to the artist; and the conservatives who believes that pornography negatively affect the viewers as it arouse malicious intent and emotions.However the film with the cha racter of Barrie reminds the public to uphold their right of expression and their right to choose what they art they would want to see and appreciate. No matter how disgusting and offensive a particular art might be, it has its every right to be exhibited. Any contemporary or classic art form is not exclusive to elite. The film subtly emphasized that an average and ordinary person can understand and appreciate art and art definitely do not only belong to specific few.

Edgar allen poes fall of the h

Edgar allen poes fall of the h The Fall of the House of Usher In Edgar Allen Poe's, "Fall of the House of Usher", Poe utilizes life-like characteristics of a decaying house to give it an unnatural or supernatural atmosphere, and in effect bring it's inhabitants to their impending doom.From the beginning of the story, the house is given a supernatural and unusual atmosphere, Usher's house, its windows, bricks, and dungeon are all used to portray a dismal and unusual atmosphere. When the narrator is approaching the house of his friend, Roderick Usher, Poe refers to the house as the "melancholy House of Usher" (718). This could be interpreted as the house being in a state of depression, in reality houses don't have a sense of feeling, Poe is giving the house life with these words. This is the first sign of a supernatural or unusual atmosphere.When the narrator is examining the building from the outside he describes what he is seeing and how he feels as he looks upon the house, "the vacant eye-like windowsupon a few r ank sedges-and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees-with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after-dream of the reveller upon opium" (718).Roderick MacRae

How to Get Recommendation Letters for Grad School

How to Get Recommendation Letters for Grad School Recommendation letters are a critical part of the graduate school application. If you are planning on applying to grad school, think about who you will ask for letters of recommendation well before you begin preparing your graduate school application. Make contact with professors during the first two years of college and develop relationships as you will rely on them to write recommendation letters that will land you a spot in the graduate program of your choice. Every graduate program requires applicants to submit recommendation letters. Dont underestimate the importance of these letters. While your transcript, standardized test scores, and admissions essay are vital components of your graduate school application, an excellent recommendation letter can make up for weaknesses in any of these areas. Why Do Graduate School Applications Require Recommendation Letters? A well-written recommendation letter provides admissions committees with information that isnt found elsewhere in the application. A recommendation letter is a detailed discussion, from a faculty member, of the personal qualities, accomplishments, and experiences that make you unique and perfect for the programs to which youve applied. A helpful letter of recommendation provides insights that cannot be gleaned by simply reviewing an applicants transcript  or standardized test scores. Moreover, a recommendation can validate a candidates admissions essay. Who to Ask? Most graduate programs require at least two, more commonly three, recommendation letters. Most students find choosing professionals to write recommendations difficult. Consider faculty members, administrators, internship/co-operative education supervisors, and employers. The people you ask to write your recommendation letters should: Know you wellKnow you long enough to write with authorityKnow your workDescribe your work positivelyHave a high opinion of youKnow where you are applyingKnow your educational and career goalsBe able to favorably compare you with your peersBe well knownBe able to write a good letter Keep in mind that no one person will satisfy all of these criteria. Aim for a set of recommendation letters that cover the range of your skills. Ideally, letters should cover your academic and scholastic skills, research abilities and experiences, and applied experiences (e.g., co-operative education, internships, related work experience). For example, a student who is applying to an MSW program or a program in clinical psychology might include recommendations from faculty who can attest to their research skills as well as recommendation letters from faculty or supervisors who can speak to their clinical and applies skills and potential. How to Ask for a Recommendation Letter There are good and bad ways of approaching faculty to ask for a letter of recommendation. For example, time your request well: dont corner professors in the hallway or immediately before or after class. Request an appointment, explaining that youd like to discuss your plans for graduate school. Save the official request and explanation for that meeting. Ask the professor if he or she knows you well enough to write a meaningful and helpful recommendation letter. Pay attention to their demeanor. If you sense reluctance, thank them and ask someone else. Remember that it is best to ask early in the semester. As the end of the semester approaches, faculty may hesitate because of time restraints. Also be aware of common mistakes students make when requesting recommendation letters, such as asking too close to the admissions deadline. Ask at least a month ahead of time, even if you dont have your application materials composed or your final list of programs chosen. Provide Information   The best thing that you can do to ensure that your recommendation letters cover all the bases is to provide your referees with all the necessary information. Dont assume that they will remember everything about you. For example, I might remember that a student is exceptional and an excellent participant in class but I may not remember all of the details when I sit down to write, such as how many classes the student took with me and extracurricular interests (such as being active in the psychology honors society, for example).  Provide a file with all of your background information: TranscriptResume or curriculum vitaeAdmissions essaysCourses youve taken with themResearch experienceInternship and other applied experiencesHonor societies to which you belongAwards youve wonWork experienceProfessional goalsDue date for the applicationCopy of the application recommendation forms (if a paper/hard copy letter is required and if the forms are provided by the institution)List of programs to which you are applying (and have them send email requests for recommendations early, well before the deadline) Confidentiality The recommendation forms supplied by graduate programs require you to decide whether to waive or retain your rights to see your recommendation letters. As you decide whether to retain your rights, remember that confidential recommendation letters tend to carry more weight with admissions committees. In addition, many faculty will not write a recommendation letter unless it is confidential. Other faculty may provide you with a copy of each letter, even if it is confidential. If you are unsure of what to decide, discuss it with your referee. As the application deadline approaches, check back with your referees to remind professors of the deadline (but dont nag!). Contacting the graduate programs to inquire whether your materials were received is also appropriate. Regardless of the outcome of your application, be sure to send a thank you note once you have determined that faculty have submitted their letters.

How you can enrich our diverse and inclusive community Essay

How you can enrich our diverse and inclusive community - Essay Example Therefore, it aims to give the best service students and employees can possibly experience so that in a mutual, though usually unspoken understanding, everyone would do his best to do what is expected. As a student, I understand that I am expected to do my responsibilities not only for myself but for the school and community as well. In order to support the vision of the school, I commit myself to an understanding of diversity and being respectful of the rights of everyone I engage with, whether students, professors or staff members. I understand that every person has his/her abilities and capabilities and that I am able to learn from them in different manners so, I want to enter the school with great expectation that each minute I spend with the people here, would add to my knowledge and wisdom. Being a part of the vision, I think I can also be a source of information with my life experiences that brought me to a deeper understanding about life and my motivations of becoming an integral part of the school. Understanding that students and employees come from various races, I can contribute to an inclusive community by respecting other races and creating a welcoming atmosphere for them in my presence. I can do my best to work hard in order to eliminate any discriminative words or actions rather have other people help me be molded to my highest potentials, with the diversity of culture, abilities and capabilities other races possess. I think I can also make a commitment to leadership which means I do not have to be in a recognized position in order to do my obligations as a concerned citizen but that I can contribute to leadership by having the initiative to do what is right. As the school is committed to excellence, I will also do my best not only to acquire knowledge and experience in the school but to join in the commitment of the school and aim to use all my potentials in the attainment of the said goal. I can commit myself not only to the highest

Eng lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eng lit - Essay Example The attempt to "absorb America" that Deveare speaks of is perhaps impossible because of the sheer range of peoples, experiences and ideas that exist within it. But perhaps that very impossibility is an example of the success of the project. Thus is a person thinks that they have encapsulated the American experience and can hold it all within their viewpoint, they are bound to be excluding some groups and ideas that are not easy to absorb. A true absorbing of what it means to "be" American will involve a dizzying mixture of experiences which will overwhelm any one individual. The through-line which holds these selections together is the fact, paradoxically, that they are so different from one another. They hold a commonality of difference. But that difference is perhaps the best descriptor of the genuine American experience. "I sit down to write something of the life and character of Joaquin Murieta, a man as remarkable in the annals of crime as any of the renowned robbers of the Old or New World, who have preceded him." (p.1) The idea that a Mexican could be as "renowned" in anything as a white man, even in the dubious distinction of being an outlaw, was novel at the time this account was written. In many ways Ridge's account of the actions of Murieta contributed to the outlaw bandit image of the border states more than anything else. There is something Romantic to this hero, something which has remained to the present day. "I do this not for the purpose of contributing to any depraved taste for the dark and horrible in human action, but rather to contribute my mite to those materials out of which the early history of California shall one day be composed." Of course this appeal to "depraved tasted" is precisely what Ridge is doing. This quotation is useful because the legend and myths of such outlaws are as much a part of early American history as any of the lives of politicians. The mythology of the west is as important as the reality, indeed, it becomes part of the reality whether it is true or not. Harte, The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Writings "There was commotion in Roaring Camp. It could not have been a fight, for in 1850 that was not novel enough to have called together the entire settlement. The ditches and claims were not only deserted, but "Tuttle's grocery" had contributed its gamblers, who, it will be remembered, calmly continued their game the day that French Pete and Kanaka Joe shot each other to death over the bar in the front room." (p.1) The myth of the violence of the American West, like many national myths, is based at least partly upon reality. This memorable opening shows the innate humor that could be gained from a community that is so violent that it barely notices two men shooting each other to death in a bar. In one sense, this quotation supports the great Hollywood Western myth that the whole of the West was made up of lawless towns in which coffins for the day's shooting deaths were lined up every day. "The assemblage numbered about a hundred men. One or two of these were actual fugitives from justice, some were criminal, and all were reckless. Physically they exhibited no indication of their past lives and character. The greatest scamp had a Raphael face, with a profusion of blonde

Term paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Term - Research Paper Example It is firmly attached using screws through already drilled holes. Its front usually contains ports used to connect all the other internal components. In this case, one slot contains the central processing unit (CPU), while multiple slots allow for attachment of more memory modules. Other ports found on the motherboard allows for optical drive, floppy drive, and hard drive to connect through a ribbon cable. In addition, the computer case has some small wires that connect to the motherboard allowing for reset, power and LED lights to function. There is also a specially designed port on the motherboard through which power is supplied2. Part of the motherboard facing the back end of the case also has some ports. These ports are said to allow most external peripherals of the computer to connect to the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse, phone lines, speakers and other external devices. Majority of motherboards also has FireWire and USB ports to enable compatible devices such as video camer as to connect to the computer when needed3. In fact, on the front side of the motherboard also exists quite a number of card slots. It is reported that these slots are where sound cards, video cards, and other expansion cards are connected to the motherboard. Functions of the motherboard System communication: It is through the motherboard that all forms of communication between the PC, its peripherals and other PCs plus the user go through4. Organization of devices: Is it has been elaborated everything within the computer are connected to the motherboard. In this way, its design dictates how the entire computer system is to be organized. Processor support: It is the motherboard socket that dictates the choice of processor that can be used in the system. Device control: The BIOS and chipset programs are usually built into the motherboard, which controls most data flow throughout the computer system. Support of peripherals: The motherboard components have a powerful function in determ ining the type of peripherals that a user can use in the PC of the computer. For instance, one cannot use AGP cards if the motherboard only has PCI slots. Upgradability: With the advancement in technology which see the emergence of new motherboards, it is a mater of fact that newer processors may experience compatibility problems with the hardware due to limitations of circuitry built-in to the board, which may not allow them to function. As a result, one may look for an upgrade at the manufacturer’s website or do upgrading5. System performance: The motherboard determines a great deal the performance of the computer since it dictates the type of memory, processors, system buses as well as hard disk interface speed that a computer system can have via BIOS settings or connectors. It is for this reason that in case a user upgrades after several years it is advisable to replace CPU, board and the memory6. 2. Central processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is arguably the brain of the compu ter, which is responsible for fetching, decoding, executing programs and performing mathematical and logical calculations7. In fact, without the CPU, the computer is just a nutshell. The CPU is made of numerous thin layers of transistors. The transistors are extremely tiny that blocks weak electricity when the charge is weak, but allows the same electricity to pass through when the power is strong enough. Since CPUs are small in size, they are sometimes referred to as microprocessors. Modern CPUs are

Individual Assignment Business Organizations Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignment Business Organizations Essay Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work. It is linked with the concept of learning from experience, in that you think about what you did and what happened, and decide what you would do differently next time. Reflective practice will make you improve the quality of service you deliver. It will ensure that the service providers are always getting the best possible service that they require because by using reflective practice you are always looking for things to improve on and see if you could do anything differently the next time round. Standards such as essential standards tell us how we should be working. We can use them to think about the way in which we work and measure ourselves against them. As everyone has different values and beliefs, it is important that we treat everyone the same no matter what their beliefs are. We should provide the same support for everybody, If we do not work this way then we will fail to perform the standards of the codes of practice set out by the regulating bodies. Outcome 2 2.1Everybody reacts differently to feedback whether it be positive or negative. I value any kind of feedback given to me, positive or negative because it is a good way of trying to better yourself. Some people may take negative feedback personally and think that they are being criticised. 2.2 It is important to seek feedback from people as you will know if you are working in the correct way. If you get negative feedback you will then know what you need to improve on for the better and positive feedback you know you can carry on the good work that you are doing. 2.3 It is important to listen to the feedback you get and use it whether it is positive or negative so that you can improve the way that you work and your quality of work.

Oedipus The King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

The play begins with a request to Oedipus by the townspeople to rid Thebes of the plague, since he had so heroically solved the riddle of the Sphinx in the past. He sends Creon, his brother-in-law and uncle, to the oracles at Delphi. Creon returns with the cause for the plague; the murderer of the former King Laius was never punished for his crime. So Oedipus pledges himself to seek the killer and punish him as the gods wish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oedipus summons the people of Thebes and demands that the killer, or whoever had knowledge of the killer, reveal himself. He threatens them with the punishment of banishment. Some members of the group suggest consulting Tiresias, the blind prophet. When he comes, he proves to be useless with his intransigent silence. So Oedipus accuses Tiresias of being an accomplice to the murderer, forcing him to speak. Tiresias then charges Oedipus of the murder, which infuriates him, and also preludes to his “shameful intimacy.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oedipus then draws upon his solving of the riddle of the Sphinx to undermine the blind prophet, convinced that he, in alliance with Creon, was plotting against him. Creon’s modest rebuttal consisted only of a threat to himself- that if Oedipus’ claim against him were true, then let him not live out the rest of his days. Later, in a conversation with Oedipus, he justifies his denial of the charge that Oedipus had placed against him by illustrating the irrelevance of attempting to dethrone the king. When Jocasta enters, she sides with Creon and respects his oath to the gods. But later, when Oedipus says the claim against him is based on prophecy, she reasons with him since she does not believe in prophetic power. She explains how the prophecy of Laius’ son killing him never came true. Then Oedipus realizes that it was he that had slain Laius and that there was a chance Tiresias was right after all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oedipus pursues his search for his origin through several occasions. A Corinthian messenger is the first. He is the one that was given Oedipus with ankles pinned and in turn gave him to Polybus. The messenger plays an important role in revealing this as well as the fact that Polybus and Merope were not Oedipus’ real parents.

Jesse Owens †A Legend Essay

The legendary Track and Field athlete, known to the world as Jesse Owens, was born James Cleveland Owens on September 12, 1913. It’s claimed that the nine-year-old’s accent made it difficult for his schoolteacher in Ohio to understand Owens when he gave his name as â€Å"JC. † Instead the teacher wrote his name down as â€Å"Jesse† (Gentry, 1990, p. 34). Jesse’s first brush with running was to be in the hills of Alabama, his home state. At the time though, Jesse was a sickly child given to frequent attacks of Pneumonia and other medical issues including the appearance of boils. His training for the track and field events only began when he entered Fairmont Junior High School where he was noticed by Charles Riley, an Irishman who was quick to take into account Jesse’s â€Å"potential† despite his lack of a strong physique. Riley, took the time to coach Jesse before school began each day so that Jesse would be free after school to do the part time jobs he’d taken up to contribute towards his family’s financial betterment. There’s nothing to show that Jesse’s typical workouts weren’t anything but pretty basic in terms of the equipment available and the routines followed in those early years. Practicing the various techniques of starting and running as well as long jump is what Jesse engaged in. Making the most of this humble start, Jesse soon began to draw attention to his abilities, having by this time, enrolled in East Technical High School. Owens then went on to join the Ohio State University where he continued to break records and draw attention though still failing to get a scholarship on account of his race. Owens greatest contribution to American history came in Berlin where the 1936 Summer Olympics were held. Jesse Owens went on to win four gold medals for his country – 100m sprint, 200m sprint, 4 x100m relay and long jump – in the face of strong prejudices exhibited by Adolf Hitler who was intent on showing off the superiority of the Aryan race to the world. Americans greeted him with great enthusiasm on his return, and cheered his accomplishments heartily (Corrigan, 1990, p. 18). Track and Field events gained popularity in the United States. However, Jesse himself was not to benefit from all these events.